Of Mice and Men Curley’s Wife

mice When John Steinbeck wrote of mice and men, he showed there was a lot of inequality during the 1930’s. This essay shall attempt to portray the inequality of women in Steinbeck’s novel. George the main character of the story, first sets his eyes on Curley’s wife, his initial impression of her is that he has â€Å"never seen no piece of jail bait worse than her† (Steinbeck 2006 p36). In the novel Curley’s wife is a beautiful woman who constantly shows her beauty to the men on the ranch. She dresses inappropriately for a woman married to the boss’s son. She had full, roughed lips and wide spaced eyes, her fingernails are red and her hair hangs in little rolled clusters, like sausages†. (p34 Steinbeck 2006). Curley’s wife always wanders around the ranch in search for someone to talk to. However, the ranch workers stay wary of her as they believe she will only give them trouble. Curley’s wife is isolated, self absorbed and a dreamer. Curley doesn’t seem to have any respect for his wife at all, Candy tells George (Steinbeck p30) why Curley wears only one glove on his hand which is soaked in Vaseline so it is kept soft for his wife and George finds this disgusting. This is degrading to her as she is just there for his pleasure. She is just a wife who is a trophy to show off hence the saying ‘trophy wife’. Dreams are heavily involved in this book. Like many characters in the book, Curley’s wife also has a dream. She dreams of being a film star. She appears to be trying to get the men into trouble but her dreams and frustrations show that she is lonely like the other people on the ranch. She hated her upbringing, so when a guy told her she had the potential to be a movie star and he would be in touch, finally she found a way out. However, being a young naive girl like she was, she fell for his story and she never heard or even saw the guy again. Instead of Hollywood and all its glam, she ended up marrying young and getting trapped on the ranch. Being the only woman there and no one to talk to makes you emphasise with her and soften towards her and feel her loneliness. Curley is not interested in her dream and there is only one person she tells her dream to and that is Lennie. I think she tells ennie because she knows he doesn’t comprehend what’s going on and it goes through one ear and out the other but at least she’s telling somebody her dream even if they don’t quite understand but ironically the one person she tells is the same person who takes it away for good. John Steinbeck makes very good use of dreams throughout the novel. Each character is shown to have greater depth than we might have expected and we are able to see how lonely and disappointed their lives are through the quite humble ambitions that they have. The men seem to want security in their lives whereas Curley’s wife wants to escape from the boredom and lonesomeness that surrounds her and get rid of the title ‘Curley’s wife’. Although Curley's wife may be considered static, she does not change throughout the novel Curley's wife is essential to the plot. Therefore, she is not simply â€Å"unnamed† because she is unimportant. Curley's wife is unnamed for several reasons. She is first and for most not worthy of a name. A name implies that a relationship can exist. Curley's wife is not capable of a relationship; she is not worthy. With a name also comes identification and familiarity. If we were to feel any sort of empathy for Curley's wife, we may not understand or appreciate Lennie's role in her death. We may actually care that she is dead. There is also the historical role of women in society. As a writer of social issues, Steinbeck wants the reader to recognize the inferior role of women in the world. The lack of name demotes Curley's wife to insignificant status. She is not as important as the men in the story. Curley’s wife is very flirtatious. In fact she is so flirtatious that the farmers refer to her as ‘having the eye’. The men see her in the ranch as the cause of many problems like her husband’s short heated attitude and the fear that they will be sacked. But as the story is about to reach its climax, she begins to add more complexity to her own character by letting Lennie in on her dreams, what she is all about. Here she reveals that she doesn’t have the eye at all but she is just lonely. She says that she dislikes Curley because he is always annoyed and so she comes around the farm to get away and find someone that she can talk to. In this conversation with Lennie she tells him the dream that she had for herself. She dreamed of becoming a famous actress and she would have wanted to live in Hollywood. But just like many of the other characters her dream went unrealised. So instead of being an actress living a glamorous life in Hollywood, she is stuck living in a ranch with a husband that she really doesn’t like, living in a ranch full of loneliness not havin

Baby boom Critique

â€Å"Baby Boom†, is a heartfelt and comical movie in one. J. C. Wiatt played by (Diane Keaton), is a woman of a fast paced lifestyle dedicated to her profession working 75-80 hours a week. J. C has no time to spare for her personal or romantic life, or relaxation time for that matter with her schedule. (The film shows J. C. and her live-in mate, played by Harold Ram's, grudgingly allocating four minutes for sex one evening before going right back to their reading (â€Å"Movie Review – Baby Boom – Film: ‘Baby Boom' – NYTimes. com†, n. d. ).This movie goes from a career driven women who scared everyone, to a mother in the country who now shows fear. J. C. Wiatt is a workaholic whose sole focus in life is her Job, until she is faced with a very hard decision, work or motherhood. Attachment theory is clearly shown in this film between J. C, and Elizabeth the baby she inherited from her cousins who died in England. Attachment Oohn Bowlby, 1969), i s the strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress (Berk, pg. 9). Ethological theory of attachment, which recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival, is the most widely accepted view by John Bowlby (Berk, pg. 150). Elizabeth expresses attachment theory when she is separated from J. C on several occasions, such as when Harold Ramis comes home and Elizabeth is fearful (stranger to her). Also, when J. C leaves her at the coat check-in and offers the attendant a large tip to keep her quiet for one hour, Elizabeth did not settle and cried until J. C was in sight again and held her.J. C shows clear and obvious ties to attachment theory as well. J. C never expected to take on the parenting role, she had plans on becoming partner in her company she was employed at and devoting more of her time that sh e barely had already. Once left with Elizabeth at the airport with no other chose, but to keep her until she could make arrangements and put her up for adoption. However, she now had to keep Elizabeth for two days before the adoption would take place. She had no clue how to raise or tend to an infant this was no easy task for J.C. Few examples of being clueless, resorted to using tape to keep iaper on when she failed on â€Å"several† attempts, gave her a bowl of linguine to eat, which let to a huge mess, as well as spraying the infant with cleaning solution. However, things did start to improve and she was catching on to some reassuring attemp ts that wor ed. k During this time Elizabeth got sick and J C started to master some of the parenting skills she never thought she would. She took babys temperature and gave her medicine to bring down her fever. J. C. aced the hallway back and forth to comfort Elizabeth while she tried to calm and fall asleep. J. C. slept ith Elizabeth and stayed near her to make her feel safe â€Å"secure base†. This serves as an internal working model, or set of expectations about the availability of attachment fgures and their likelihood of providing support during times of stress (Berk, pg. 150). After these two days together, waiting the adoption day J. C. and Elizabeth developed a strong emotional tie (attachment). The day comes to give Elizabeth up for adoption J.C and she shows empathy now that its time to say goodbye. The adoptive parents did not seem right for Elizabeth, J. C. says goodbye as Elizabeth is crying and leaves. She made it maybe ten paces away from the door before she turned around and forfeited the adoption, she became to attached to Elizabeth and developed the emotional bond of needing to keep her safe and look after her herself, not some strangers! She tried to balance her work and keeping Elizabeth, but it was tough ad she was very insecure with any babysitter/nanny she left Elizabeth with.She wa s a nervous wreck and found it very hard to leave Elizabeth for long periods now. She made a huge decision and left her cozy high paying Job, packed up and moved to Vermont (in the country). There was no plan other than to spend time with Elizabeth and raise her in a more laidback, slow paced life style. This is were a lot of the comical parts of the movie took place, because J. C. was a city girl, and each day was a new challenge and accomplishment. J. C. started making applesauce from her harvest of apples on her land, which turned out to a booming baby food business.Now, she has an offer to be back part of the city life and make millions to sell her baby food business. J. C. finds this so exciting and cant wait to meet with the company and work out a package, as she is in the building where she orked prior, in the bathroom looking in the mirror, repeats â€Å"I'm back, I'm back. However, as she heads back towards the conference room to give her decision, she see's everyone racin g frantically and are remembering what she will give up with this decision.J. C runs her business at her pace, around her schedule, is her own boss, has a crib and a mobile in her office in Vermont, where Elizabeth is apart of her day the whole while. She turns down the millions of dollars and the city life she once loved, all for Elizabeth she was extremely attached and she had new priorities.

The Voice of the People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Voice of the People - Essay Example Burr gets involved with the girl next door, Eugenia. Burr and Eugenia were involved in a love situation but as life went on, the girl came to realize that the love will never go yield anything as they come from different class. Burr got involved in politics as he grew up. In politics, Burr was honest and dynamic. Due to this, Burr became the governor of Virginia. Despite the enmity in politics, Burr was loved by the people who voted for him. His childhood girlfriend had left him as she ran away and married another person. After a while, she realizes that she made a mistake with her marriage as it was built out of no love. She regrets having the marriage as she loosed a man with integrity. The story goes on and talks of Burrs’ death as he was liked. It was a mob that killed him as he was intervening them to stop the mob from lynching a black man. The author brings out the two themes of the Southern society, clearly as being the role of class and race (Glasgow,

Musical Compositions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Musical Compositions - Essay Example This is what will be dissertated in the following. Eric Serra, who composed The Diva Dance, which was used in the movie The Fifth Element as much of the film's overall score, and it shows a significant influence of Middle Eastern music, particularly Ra. The Diva Dance opera performance featured music from Gaetano Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor Part Two, Act Two, N. 14 Scena ed aria, 'O giusto cielo!' "and was voiced by Inva Mula-Tchako, while the role of Plavalaguna is humanoid alien, her vocalizations seem beyond physical possibility; however, in a documentary feature on the Special Edition DVD release, it is stated that Mula-Tchako's voice was not digitally altered. Canadian vocalist Marie-ve Munger performed the complete Diva Dance before a live audience, and her performance was later aired on Quebec television as part of a promotion for a televised boxing event" (Wikipedia, 2007). One of the most major and significant similarities between the two musical compositions is that of their background and influences; they both have a very noticeable opera tone to them, which makes sense as since the 1980s operatic excerpts have been employed increasingly and prominently in blockbuster films, and "in some films, opera excerpts are used as signifiers of the properties commonly associated with opera - love, exoticism, high

The Unlikely Secret Agent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Unlikely Secret Agent - Essay Example Eleanor is commemorated today as a heroine in the fight of South African people against the apartheid system. This essay tries to analyze Eleanor’s involvement in the anti-apartheid movement, particularly the reasons she decided to take part in the struggle in the first place. Eleanor, as a Scottish-South African militant against the apartheid system, built ANC chambers in Scotland and criticized the UK government’s operations in Africa. In the 1960s, she met her husband after becoming a member of the ANC clandestine group. She â€Å"shared his life on the run from the security forces and in exile in Britain† (Cape Times 5). She was imprisoned without due process. Imprisoned in 1963 she fled from imprisonment and left the country secretly. Eleanor was twenty-five when law enforcers started shooting and killing protesters demanding equality and justice for black South African people, in an event that was infamously called the Sharpeville Massacre. Shocked and revolted, Eleanor took part in the Congress of Democrats, which was affiliated with the ANC, and was one of the female pioneers of the Spear of the Nation (Cape Times 5). Kasrils’s book is a heartwarming, but gripping tribute to his wife of enormous values, talent, and bravery. She was one of the very few white South Africans to secretly take part in the struggle at a time when the ANC had instigated a movement of, exactly, fiery opposition to the racially prejudiced apartheid system. Her opposition to this system and resistance to its violence and injustice were downright courageous. The tale of Eleanor, similar to the tale of the anti-apartheid campaign in general, is emotional, inspiring and remains significant. As Eleanor’s extraordinary story begins in 1963, the White system is under attack and South Africa is facing an imminent disaster. On the 15th of August, the feared security

Australia's population is ageing which will seriously affect the Essay

Australia's population is ageing which will seriously affect the future of the country. Do you agree - Essay Example The population of Australia has a very less proportion of people aged 65 years and above. Out of the total population, only 23% fall in this particular age group. Several researchers have discussed about the problems that would arise in future in Australia due to ageing population (Walker, 1998). A lot of initiatives have been adopted by the Australian government with the target of lessening the augmented healthcare costs linked with the ageing population in Australia (Walker, 1997). Thesis Statement Based on the aforesaid issue, the assignment intends to study about the growing issues of ageing population in Australia. It is often observed that this particular issue impose adverse impact upon political along with economic conditions of the nation. The paper attempted to reveal the causes and the effects of this growing issue in the country. The main objective of this assignment is to justify whether the ageing population would affect the future of the nation or not. ... The government is adopting along with executing several measures and brought about numerous changes in its tax system in order to help the Australian families. It is also looking after the improvement of the assistance provided to the families so as to balance between their responsibilities towards family and their work. The other vital cause is the long life expectancy of the people in Australia. The life expectancy in the year 1960 was 68 years but it has grown to 78 years by the year 2004 (Commonwealth of Australia, 2004). The government of Australia observed that the number of immigrants must be increased to maintain the present age structure. It has been argued that this solution might not eradicate the problem of ageing but certain benefits can be reaped from it. In this regard, one of the benefits can be regarded as declined labour supply growth (Committee for Economic Development of Australia, 2004). It has been viewed that the growing Australia’s ageing population cre ates effect on labour force partaking rate. The Australian government is facing a problem in the falling employment rate due to the growth of ageing population (Commonwealth of Australia, 2005). The country seems to face more challenges in the field of ageing as it is regarded as one of the nations having lowest population. The Australian Bureau of Statistics has estimated that by the year 2056, the median age might have a rapid increase in the nation. Thus, the ageing population has become quite a challenging factor for the nation affecting its economy at large. In response, the Australian government is adopting and executing certain effective measures to mitigate the problem or the issue. Effects of Ageing In Future The growing ageing

Research Paper PII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Paper PII - Essay Example Cyber criminals use numerous technologies in forcing entrance into personal accounts thus obtaining valuable personal information most of which have financial value. It thus becomes prudent for users to understand the technologies effectively thus employing appropriate technology and measures to curb the spread of such costly vises. In order to cushion themselves from such risks, users must ensure to keep their personal information secure in both online and offline platforms. Online platforms refer to the platforms found on the internet. People often store their personal information on the cyber space on such media as emails, social media among other types of online accounts (Fafinski, 2009). Offline platforms on the other hand refer to the use of digital technology in storing data without necessarily connecting to the internet. Such media as smart phones, computers and media players have digital storage spaces. Storing data on such platforms do not require any internet connection but the information stored therein face eminent risk of destruction and unauthorized access features that require effective management in order to prevent. Disclosing personal information online is often the main cause of such loses. This implies that users of such technologies must use the technologies cautiously. Among the scenarios that often require disclosure of such information, include online shopping, online games, online competitions and subscribing to the numerous online services. Using such services therefor3e require extreme caution. In order to prevent the loss of personal information while taking part in such important online activities, users must always investigate the authenticity of both the services and the service providers. Users must take care and engage only the legitimate companies. Engaging legitimate companies and understanding their terms and conditions are important since it becomes possible to investigate cases of loss of personal information.

Hans Delbruck is one of the most insightful theorist of the 20th Assignment

Hans Delbruck is one of the most insightful theorist of the 20th century - Assignment Example That is why the German historian Hans Delbruck became the voice of professional military history. His family and educational background had a tremendous influence on his interest in war and were key factors contributing to his writings on: ancient, medieval and modern warfare. Delbruck’s great works are not only for military men, but for those who know nothing about the military. Delbruck came from a household of educated parents and political influences. Family, political influences and education became the key factors that developed his personality. Hans was born in a bourgeois family; his parents gave him an opportunity to become an educated person. As a rule, historians apply two terms in order to characterize Delbruck’s family – â€Å"typical† and â€Å"extraordinary.† On the one hand, it was a typical bourgeois family. On the other hand, it gave the world a historian with extraordinary skills. The would-be historian studied at two educational institutions – Bonn and Heidelberg. Here he got the basic knowledge for his future researches. Being a soldier gave Delbruck an opportunity to participate in Franco-German War. After this event young Hans became Prince Waldemar’s teacher. Getting in touch with the German imperial family, participation in war and education influenced Delbruck’s point of view upon life. War contributed to his interest in military issues. Soon Hans became a member of the German Reichstag. Before this he had been a professor of modern history and delivered lectures that were very popular among the students. Being a member of Reichstag Delbruck always opposed the policy led by the Prussian government; especially it concerned its dealing with the Poles and the Danes. It is necessary to stress that Hans Delbruck applied the analysis of battles in order to get information he needed. Thus, The Sachkritik of battle analysis helped Delbruck take previous accounts of engagements and measure those limits of geography, and military craft. These points were discussed in Hans’s book History of the Art of War in the Framework of Political History (1900). In this work Hans Delbruck emphasized the connection between the nature of policy and armies during the battle. The basis for the book became a minute analysis of the Sachkritik. It should be noted that Delbruck’s observation of battles made him popular, both positively and negatively. First of all, Delbruck discovered the major reason for defeats in wars. He proved that everything depends upon the number of soldiers. Hans’s analysis of the battles helped him to draw a conclusion that only the army with more soldiers has chance to win the war. Moreover, the theorist persuaded the public that the number of people in armies was always exaggerated in historical documents. These facts explained a lot of things and filled the gaps in military history of ancient times. As for the negative impact of the theor ist, he tried to persuade the public that military history is the branch of general history and it is necessary to do something in order to match them. However, this means that people studying history are expected to learn military history. In this case, students may conclude that arms, wars and battles are just common things in people’s life. This knowledge may have negative impact and give birth to wars and violence. The scientist gave the world much information about medieval knights. However, it turned to be rather controversial. Here Hans separated a knight from

Can Social Bonding Theory Explain Why The US Has Higher Crime Rates Essay

Can Social Bonding Theory Explain Why The US Has Higher Crime Rates Than Other Nations - Essay Example In the said research, the author studied 200 employees to determine how the elements of the social bonding theory can be used to determine the likelihood of the employees committing ethical misconduct. The results from the study conducted indicated that two of the four elements, namely attachment and involvement, may be utilized to provide a better understanding of how likely it is for employees to commit ethical rule breaking. (Sims, 2002) The results obtained from the study merely highlight the importance of the elements of the social bonding theory in explaining deviant behavior and in this case, ethical misconduct of employees. Another study conducted focused on the effect of one's religiosity on his likelihood to be lead to delinquency. As earlier mentioned, belief is one of the four elements of Hirschi's social bonding theory. Subsequently, a central element in an individual's belief system is his religious affinity or belief. In a study conducted by Baier and Wright (2001), the ability of religious beliefs and behaviors to deter criminal behavior was analyzed. The authors of the said study conducted a meta-analysis of 60 previously conducted studies basing primarily on the following questions: (I) What is the direction and magnitude of the effect of religion on crime (II) Why have previous studies varied in their estimation of this effect The rationale behind the research was since previous studies provided inconclusive evidence regarding the relationship of crime and religious belief, it was highly significant to determine why such discrepancy exists and if indeed such a relationship between the two el ements does exist. The results of the study indicated that religious beliefs and behaviors exert a moderate deterrent effect on individuals' criminal behavior. This means that even in the littlest of ways, an individual's religiosity helps in preventing him from committing criminal acts. Likewise, the study found that previous studies have systematically varied in their estimation of the religion- on-crime effect due to differences in both their conceptual and methodological approaches. The results of the study merely indicate that belief, as one of the elements of social control, indeed helps in preventing deviant behavior. Although religious beliefs may not be a strong deterrent as other elements, the results of the study only help explain how the elements of social bonding materialize. Teenage Pregnancy Although not considered as a criminal act, teenage pregnancy may be seen as a deviant behavior in that it does not conform to the norms of society. In a study conducted by Sandra Hofferth (1987), the various factors that influence sexual behavior among adolescents was analyzed. Both biological and psychosocial factors were studied to determine which factors helped contribute to sexual activity among adolescents. Basically, the researcher found that among the social factors that influenced such behavior were cultural and subcultural differences. For instance, the author indicated that black females from the ages of 15 to 19 living in a poverty area of Chicago has a significantly higher rate of initial sexual intercourse than their peers

10 trends for the next ten years Essay Example for Free

10 trends for the next ten years Essay The article discussed the 10 trends of Logistics management for the next 10 years which affecting Supply Chain. Basically, which is said in the article, the logistics management should become more integrated, technology supported, and talented needed. They also did a survey for the executive group to rank the relevance between the 10 trends and business operation. The executive group ranked the service chain, product clockspeeds, and micro segment as the highest relevance category, which is not surprising to me. More and more consumer is considering service as important, thus the company should not only provide great product, but also offer an optimal service to satisfy the customers. An effective service chain ensures that the company stays in a competitive position. Moreover, clockspeed has great impact on supply chain performance. A company with fast clockspeed supply chain will have a competitive advantage in the market. Besides, a company really should know who the target market is and what the target segment wants from them. As long as the company knows exactly who the micro segmentation is, they can be very successful to satisfy the customers’ needs. The purpose of this article is to show the 10 trends which will influence supply chain management for the next 10 years and the accuracy of the forecast trends. In other words, it demonstrates that what will be improved in supply chain and makes the supply chain much more efficiency than ever before. The ten trends are very inspiring and will definitely change the supply chain management for the next decade. According to the article, there is fierce competition behind the scene. The company should be never satisfied with their performance; otherwise the company will be substituted by any of its competitors. Basically, my career path is a work related to supply chain management and marketing in fashion appeal industry. I want to figure out a better way to distribute the product to the whole world at the same time so that people  from all over the world can enjoy the most fashionable outfits. According to the article, the ten trends will definitely influence my career path to some extent. Firstly, when service chain become more important than product chain, my career goal will be changed from delivering the product on time to satisfying the customers both in pre- and post-sales. With my marketing major background, I will focus on customer relationship management to improve the service level. Besides, I totally agree with the trend that knowledge work and worker will become global in nature. Globalization is already formed for many years, and it is not surprising that logistics management goes with this trend. I will get my Logistics Bachelor’s degree in the U.S. and then go back to my hometown to find job. To some degree, I am one of the people who get professional training in the U.S. and work at another country. In addition, the trend 5 mentioned in the article said that supply chain management will have a standard certification process similar to that for CPA. A standard certificate is necessary when a field of work has been well developed. More and more people will get to work in supply chain management; therefore, the people who have â€Å"SCM certification† will be more competitive in the market. I should never stop acquiring knowledge of supply chain management in order to get the standard certification. Furthermore, we learned that segmentation and targeting, which helps company know who the customer exactly is and what to sell to those customer, are very important parts of marketing. Like segmentation in marketing, micro segmentation in logistics will be key to success. As long as we know what the customer really wants, we can create the product that can fulfill the needs of the customer. Technology, as well, will support a much more effective and cost saving supply chain. By using high technology, the company can better manage their inventory, customer orders, tracking and so forth. We future career will have to deal with technology every day based on the trends, and I am so excited about it because I cannot wait to see what the highly automatic supply chain looks like. I want to be the people who design the supply chain process and see how it will perform in the future. In conclusion, the ten trends for the next ten years will come true someday  in the near future. It brings in opportunities and challenges for both the company and the worker. As a logistics major student, I am so excited about the changes, and I realize that I have to take on more responsibility to make a difference for supply chain management. Bibliography Sengupta, S. (July, 2013). Ten trends for the next ten years. Logistics Management. www. Logisticsmgmt.com. Retrieved on August 27, 2013 from https://carmen.osu.edu/d2l/le/content/11141445/viewContent/5963256/View.

Sickle cell disease, an disease of red blood cells

Sickle cell disease, an disease of red blood cells Introduction This paper presents a detailed overview of sickle cell disease, an inherited disease of the red blood cells. The paper begins with a brief discussion of the aetiology, prevalence of sickle cell disease. Next the paper investigates the pathophysiological aspects of the disease and the physical manifestation of symptoms the patient presented with. The paper then discusses how sickle cell disease affects suffer. Finally the paper presents and evaluates treatment and management of care. The conclusion will provide a summary of the points discussed. Sickle cell disease (SCD) encompasses a group of haemo ­globinopathies. There is currently no cure for adults with this hereditary disease, which mainly affects people of Afro-Caribbean origin and, to a lesser extent, Mediterra ­nean, Middle Eastern and Asian groups. There are large numbers of people around the world who suffer from acute or chronic pain, or indeed both, as a result of sickle cell disease. Sickle Cell Society (2008) estimates that sickle cell disease affects approximately 10 000-12 500 people in the UK. Sickle cell disease comprises of a group of inherited blood disorders that alter a persons haemoglobin, causing chronic haemolytic anaemia and producing acute and chronic pain as a result of reoccurring episodes of vascular occlusion (Lal. and Vichinsky, 2005). Adult haemoglobin consists of two alpha globin and two beta globin chains wrapped around a haem (iron containing) molecule. Haemoglobin is the main substance of the red blood cell. It helps red blood cells carry oxygen from the air in the lungs to all parts of the body. Normal red blood cells contain haemoglobin A. Haemoglobin S and haemoglobin C are abnormal types of haemoglobin. Normal red blood cells are soft and round and can squeeze through tiny blood tubes (vessels). Normally, red blood cells live for about 120 days before new ones replace them. People with sickle cell conditions make a different form of haemoglobin A called haemoglobin S (S stands for sickle). This is caused by mutation in the beta chain which means the haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen that causes sickle cell anaemia is the most common (Serjeant Serjeant, 2001). The mutation causing sickle cell anaemia is a single nucleotide substitution (A to T) in the codon for amino acid 6. The change converts a glutamic acid codon (GAG) to a valine codon (GTG). The form of haemoglobin in persons with sickle cell anaemia is referred to as HbS (Bain, 2002). The nomenclature for normal adult haemoglobin protein is Hb. Red blood cells containing mostly haemoglobin S do not live as long as normal red blood cells (normally about 16 days) (De, 2005). They also become stiff, distorted in shape and have difficulty passing through the bodys small blood vessels. De (2008) explains when sickle-shaped cells block small blood vessels, less blood can reach that part of the body. Tissue that does not receive a normal blood flow eventually becomes damaged (Serjeant Serjeant, 2001). This is what causes the complications of sickle cell disease. People who inherit the mutation from both parents or the mutation from one and thalassaemia (lack of a beta chain) from the other will suffer sickling. Those who inherit the mutation from only one parent will be sickle cell disease carriers and rarely display symptoms (Information Centre for Sickle Cell and Thalassaemic Disorders, 2008). Patient X presented in accident and emergency (AE) in sickle cell pain crisis. Vaso-occlusive pain is caused by the tendency of sickle haemoglobin molecules to crystallise, distorting the red cells into crescent shapes on deoxy ­genation, occluding small blood vessels. Disrup ­tion of normal circulation leads to acute tissue ischaemia and secondary inflammation and, when prolonged, infarction of bone, joints and vital organs (Elander et al, 2004). According to Information Centre for Sickle Cell and Thalassaemic Disorders (2008) vaso-occlusive pain episodes experienced by patients with sickle cell disease vary tremendously in frequency and severity. Some patients rarely have painful crises, while others spend the greater part of a given year in the hospital receiving analgesics (Anglin, 2007). The cooperative study of the natural history of sickle cell disease showed that about 5% of patients accounted for one-third of hospital days devoted to pain control (cited in Johnson, 2004) . To complicate matters further, the pattern of pain varies over time, so that a patient who has a particularly severe year may later have a prolonged period characterized by only minor pain. According to Sickle Cell Society (2008) the frequency and severity of vaso-occlusive pain episodes often change as a person moves from childhood to being an adult. The breakpoint often occurs during the late teens or early 20s. Changes in hormonal status that occur during these years could contribute to the changes in severity of sickle cell disease (Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassaemic Disorders, 2008). However, no causal relationship has been established, so the association remains only temporal. The mode of onset of sickle cell pain crises likewise varies. Roberts de Montalembert (2007) states patients can develop agonisingly severe pain in as little as 15 minutes. In other instances, the pain gradually escalates over hours or even days. Acute tissue ischaemia is associated with extreme pain, which may last from hours to weeks. The average duration is 5-7 days (Johnson, 2004) and the episodes are usually self-limiting. Streetly (2005) stresses prolonged infarction can lead to a multitude of compli ­cations, such as organ damage, degeneration of the spine and joints, and ischaemic leg ulcers. These compli ­cations are associated with chronic pain and disability. The sites affected in acute painful crises vary for each patient. Pain occurs commonly in the extremities, thorax, abdomen, and back (Oni, 2009). Pain tends to recur at the same site for a particular person. For each person, the quality of the crisis pain is usually similar from one crisis to another. Patient X had been managing the pain at home with paracetamol, heat rubs and 50mg of diclofenac a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Sickle Cell Society (2008) states most patients manage episodes of pain at home. Oral analgesics, combined with rest and fluids often allows a person to ride out the pain episode. Some patients report that warm baths or warm compresses applied to aching joints ameliorates the severity of the pain (Roberts de Montalembert, 2007). Patient Xs pain became progressive worse so presented in AE for stronger opioid medication. According to the Trust policy a comprehensive, multidisciplinary team strategy is essential, particularly for managing patients with fre ­quent acute or chronic pain. Therefore, on admission patient X was assessed by the doctor and a pain assessment was undertaken by the nurse. According to Wright Adeosun (2009) patients presenting in accident and emergency departments with a painful episode should be immediately triaged and administered analgesia within 15 minutes of arrival and a prompt, accurate pain assessment is the cornerstone of effective pain management. It should include pain site, duration, score, character, exacerbating and relieving factors, associated symptoms, previous analgesia and physical examination. Ideally, the assessment tool would be locally recognised and used and therefore be familiar to patients. Moreover assessment should be prompt to expedite pain relief and allow life-threatening syndromes, such as acute sickle chest syndrome, to be treated urgently (Johnson, 2004). During the assessment patients will benefit from reassurance that they are believed when they report pain and that med ­ication will be delivered swiftly. De (2005) however reports incidences where healthcare professionals have not believed the patient report of pain which resulted in the patient displaying pseudo-addictive behaviour in an attempt to manage their pain and receive appropriate analgesia. This behaviour is an iatrogenic syndrome resulting from poorly treated pain (Serjeant Serjeant, 2001). According to Stuart Nagel (2004) without adequate knowledge of prompt assessment and management and how this can manifest, pseudo-addictive behaviour, such as groaning or other physical behaviour where the patient is trying to demonstrate that they are in pain, can be misconstrued as behaviour associated with substance addiction. Such behaviour could be, for example, aggression, conflict and arguments about analgesia. Wright Adeosun (2009) contends it is important to remember tha t this behaviour, although similar to behaviour found in substance dependence, is actually a result of poor pain management and is an indicator that this person needs their pain management approach reviewed urgently. In line with the Trust policy patient X was triaged within 15 minutes and during the evaluation, the doctor asked patient X whether the pain feels like typical sickle cell pain. Most patients can distinguish back pain due to pyelonephritis or abdominal pain due to cholecystitis, for instance, from their typical sickle cell pain (Anglin, 2007). De (2005) contends if the quality of the pain is not typical of their sickle cell disease, other causes should be investigated before ascribing it to vaso-occlusion. As this was typical of patient Xs sickle cell disease the doctor prescribed morphine 10mg titrated against the level of pain. Opioid-agonist drugs like Morphine are the mainstay of treatment for acute sickle cell disease pain and can be given orally. The dose must be titrated appropriately to reflect the drugs thera ­peutic duration of action and the intensity of the pain. Johnson (2004) contends patients whose pain is severe enough to warrant hospitalisation usually require opio ids. Morphine an agonists, opioid and it works by attaching to opioid receptors. There are four types of receptor: mu (ÃŽÂ ¼); delta (ÃŽÂ ´); kappa (ÃŽÂ º); and opioidreceptor- like (ORL). The ÃŽÂ ¼ receptors are thought to be responsible for most of the analgesic effects of the opioids and for some of the main unwanted morphine derivatives which include respiratory depression, hypotension, sedation, nausea, pruritis, constipation and dependence (Hall, 2009). Drugs may then need to be given to relieve and prevent analgesic side-effects (Hall, 2009). The morphine was administered intramuscularly (IM) however Johnson (2004) argues that pain relief occurs more slowly with intramuscular injections, and the injections themselves can produce substantial discomfort. Consequently, intravenous administration of analgesics is usually preferable. Maxolon 10mg was prescribed intravenously (IV) because of the undesirable side effects commonly associated with opioids. Opioids may induce nausea and vomiting by stimulating the chemoreceptor trigger zone, reducing gastrointestinal motility or increasing vestibular sensitivity (Hall, 2009). Evidence shows that nausea and vomiting can negatively affect the quality of life of patients in term of functional outcomes, patient-perceived care by hospital staff and patient satisfaction with regard to overall hospital stay (Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassaemic Disorders, 2008). Identifying the incidence of nausea and vomiting and characterizing the prescribing of antiemetics are necessary in an effort to improve tolerability of opioids. Maxolon injection contains the active ingredient metoclopramide hydrochloride, which is a type of medicine called a dopamine antagonist (British National Formulary, 2010). Metoclopramide works primarily by blocking dopamine receptors found in an area of the brain known as the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). The CTZ is activated by nerve messages from the stomach when an irritant is present (Hall, 2009). Once activated, it sends messages to the vomiting centre in the brain which in turn sends messages to the gut, causing the vomiting reflex. Blocking the dopamine receptors in the CTZ prevents nausea messages from being sent to the vomiting centre. This reduces the sensation of sickness and prevents vomiting (Finlay, 2004). Once both drugs had been administered the role of the nurse was to monitor effectiveness and to reassess the pain score. Patient X was encouraged to report any further pain accordingly. According to Johnson (2004) as pain control improves, the analgesia should be maintained to prevent the patient from slipping back into a painful cycle. Patient X was then nursed in the observation unit and after 2 hours reported increasing. After being reviewed by the pain team a patient controlled analgesia (PCA) was offered. The popularity of PCA has generally risen since a report published by the Royal College of Surgeons of England and the College of Anaesthetists (1990), and PCA is now regarded as a routine, safe modality associated with high levels of satisfaction among postoperative patients (Ballantyne et al, 1993). While much has been written about PCA in connection with postoperative pain, comparatively little has been reported in connection with sickle cell disease pain. Of the few studies focusing on PCA use by sickle cell disease patients, Gonzalez et al (1991) has attempted to measure patients acceptance of PCA, and then only as the secondary goal of a clinical trial. In a much early pilot study of three adolescents with sickle cell disease Schechter et al (19880 suggested that drug usage may dramatically reduce as pain subsides, but the intended trial was never conducted because doctors feared it might fuel patients propensity for addiction. The Society Cell Society (2008) however report that some sickle cell patients actually disliked receiving morphine because of its association with drug abuse and addiction and Johnson (2003) findings indicate that some sickle cell disease patients prefer to receive PCA to promote fast and predictable pain relief and give themselves a degree of control over their pain. Moreover, continuous subcutaneous infusions have been used to counteract any delays between intramuscular and intravascular injections (Hall, 2009). This also takes away the reliance on the next dose having to be delivered by health professionals and thus promotes patient autonomy. The role of the nurse was to teach patient X and his family about the medication: description, action, effects, and possible side effects. Johnson (2003) stresses the importance of reinforcing that analgesics make pain manageable and it may not take the pain away completely. The subcutaneous route was used for the PCA. Diamorphine was prescribed because it has the advantage of being more water and lipid-soluble, making it more rapid acting, easier to inject in smaller volumes such as 5-10mg per ml subcutaneously (Hall, 2009) and avoids absorption problems (Rees et al, 2002). Typically, bolus doses of diamorphine need to be higher than in postoperative PCA regimens, for example 5-30mg, and lockout times longer, which can be 20-60 minutes. To increase safe practice around the use of PCAs, a double check of pump settings and medication orders is required when a new syringe is loaded into the PCA system and with subsequent dosage changes. This double check was performed by the nurses and documented on the PCA chart on an hourly basis. Hall (2009) points out that patient can become drowsy as their pain is controlled. Often, this reflects the fatigue that comes with one or more sleepless nights with pain crisis at home. Johnson (2004) reinforced by Oni (2009) argue that the analgesics should not be discontinued automatically for somnolence as long as the patient is easily aroused. A common misconception is that if a patient with sickle cell disease is sleeping, the analgesics are controlling the pain. Rees (2003) contends sickle cell disease patients often sleep despite severe pain. Therefore, when a PCA has been commenced the nurse should evaluate the patient for respiratory status (rate and depth), sedation level, side effects, and pain severity 2 hours x 12 hours, then 4 hours thereafter (De, 2005). A pulse oximetry was used to monitor saturations levels and patient X was commenced on 2 litres of oxygen as it is in their deoxygenated state that red blood cells containing Hb S take on their abnormal, rigid half-moon-like state (Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassaemic Disorders (2008). Research suggests that sickled cells can actually regain their normal disc shape when exposed to a higher oxygen concentration (Zipursky et al, 1992 cited by Sickle Cell Society, 2008). When oxygen therapy is being administered De (2008) advocates an upright position as this position optimises and maintains ventilation and perfusion. Patient X needed assistance due to the pain to sit upright and a mouth care tray was provided due to the side effect of oxygen therapy causing dryness of the nasal and oral mucosa (Sheppard and Davis, 2000). A jug of water was also made available at the bedside and the call buzzer was left in easy reach. Effective management of an episode of painful sickle crisis according to Lal and Vichinsky (2005) requires intravenous fluids as this will help to decrease blood viscosity, improve blood flow and reduce risk of renal compromise. Providing adequate hydration is a component of almost every treatment protocol for vasoocclusive crises (De, 2005). Dehydration is one of the principal precipitating factors for pain crises. However, overcorrection of fluid balance can have a negative effect, including possibly increasing the risk of acute chest syndrome. This syndrome, characterized by cough, chest pain, dyspnoea, fever, and radiographic changes, is the most common cause of death for patients with sickle cell disease (Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassaemic Disorders, 2008). Stuart and Nagel (2004) suggest hydration should be provided to correct deficits, replace any ongoing losses, and maintain normal body fluid volume (euvolemia). In addition, to this the patients pain may improve with oral hydration. Patient X was prescribed 1 litre of intravenous (IV) normal saline over 8 hours and oral hydration was encouraged by the nursing staff. This was monitored on the fluid balance chart. Patient Xs vital signs temperature, pulse, blood pressure were continuously monitored to detect any changes. Patients with sickle cell disease are susceptible to overwhelming infection (Wright Adeosun, 2009; Stuart Nagel, 2004). The most significant factor is splenic autoinfarction during childhood (Sickle Cell Society, 2008). Functional asplenia leaves patients vulnerable to infections with encapsulated organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae. Further, some studies suggest that neutrophils do not function properly in patients with sickle cell disease (Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassaemic Disorders, 2008). How the mutation in sickle cell disease might lead to a defect in neutrophil function is unclear. Patients with SCD and unexplained fever should be cultured thoroughly. If the clinical condition suggests septicaemia, the best action is to start broad spectrum antibiotics after complete culturing. Signs of systemic infection include fever, shaking chills, lethargy, malaise, and hypotension (Oni, 2009). Patient remained apyrexial and 2 days after admission the quantity of analgesia was slowly reduced as patient Xs symptoms improve. While the tapering of intravenous analgesics can require only two or three days, control of a full blown crisis often requires 10 to 14 days. Less commonly, bouts of sickle vaso-occlusive pain require several weeks to control. In conclusion this paper has presented a detailed overview of the management of pain in sickle cell disease, an inherited disease of the red blood cells. Sickle cell disorder can have a profound effect on a persons life. Acute painful episodes among patients with sickle cell disease may occur in any body part or several sites simultaneously. A thorough pain assessment will indicate the type of pain management approaches that are most likely to be effective. Patients should always be encouraged to engage in activities that will help them manage their own pain and boost their confidence rather than make them dependent on health care professionals. This case profile has highlighted the importance of optimal care for a patient with sickle cell disease which should be a comprehensive, multidisciplinary team approach with prompt, accurate pain assessment as this is the cornerstone of effective pain management.

Countering the Culture of Sex :: Teen Pregnancy Ellen Goodman Essays

Countering the Culture of Sex Over the past twenty years teenage pregnancy and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases between teenagers have been growing problems in the United States. In two articles, â€Å"Countering the Culture of Sex,† by Ellen Goodman and â€Å"Moms have strong impact on teen sexual activity,† by Daniel B. Wood solutions are brought as to how we can solve these growing problems. One text spends its time picking at the media, while the other shines the light on parents and guardians. Both writings push our society to see what is happening to the teenagers of our country, and asks our citizens to do something about it. While there is no clarity as to which paper has a greater understanding of how to solve this matter, by combining the ideas of both texts a solution is brought about that is sure to make an impact positively for this cause. In â€Å"Countering the Culture of Sex,† by Ellen Goodman, the author paints the portrait of a community that sells sex to kids just as easily as it sells any merchandise. Goodman says that the images broadcast to teenagers day in and day out creates this illustration of a world with no consequences for unprotected acts of sexual behavior. She says that teenagers are more greatly influenced by their favorite television stars than they are by their own parents. Teenagers are watching their favorite celebrities having unprotected sex with no â€Å"reality†. Television does not show its characters getting pregnant at sixteen or contracting HIV. The argument in this literary work is that children are fed a false image of sex and thus do not know what they are getting themselves into when they have unprotected sex. The author calls on Congress to get involved, â€Å"These messages that kids actually listen to ought to be piped into the hearing rooms where Congress is busy c oncocting a new welfare policy†. Goodman wraps up the article with a little sexual truth-in-advising, â€Å"one part passion to two parts diapers†. In â€Å"Moms have strong impact on teen sexual activity,† by Daniel B. Wood, the idea of parents having greater influence on their children than our society has given them credit for in recent years is used. Wood claims that parents are the key to keeping our children from making the mistake of unprotected and uneducated sex. This article reports that â€Å"21 percent of boys and 19 percent of girls have engaged in sexual intercourse before the age of fourteen.

Guys And Girls :: essays research papers

WELL here's a few reasons why guys like girls 1. They will always smell good even if its just shampoo 2. The way their heads always find the right spot on our shoulder 3. How cute they look when they sleep 4. the ease in which they fit into our arms 5. the way they kiss you and all of a sudden everything is right in the world 6. How cute they are when they eat 7. The way they take hours to get dressed but in the end makes it all worth while 8. because they are always warm even when its minus 30 out side 9. the way they look good no matter what they wear 10. the way they fish for compliments even though you both know that you think she's the most beautiful thing on this earth 11. How cute they are when they argue 12. the way her hand always finds yours 13. the way they smile 14. the way you feel when you see their name on the call ID after you just had a big fight 15. The way she says "lets not fight anymore" even though you know that an hour later you will be arguing about something 16. the way they kiss when you do something nice for them 17. The way they kiss you when you say "I love you' 18. Actually ... just the way they kiss you... 19. the way they fall into your arms when they cry 20. then the way they apologize for crying over something that silly 21. The way they hit you and expect it to hurt 22. Then the way apologize when it does hurt . (even though we don't admit it)! 23. the way they say "I miss you" 24. the way you miss them 25. the way their tears make you want to change the world so that it doesn't hurt her anymore.....Yet regardless if you love them, hate them, wish they would die or know that you would die without them ... it matters not. Because once in your life,

The Narrator as Literary Device in “Luck,” by Mark Twain

Mark Twain uses the narrator as a literary device in his short story, â€Å"Luck.†Ã‚   The author first uses his own voice to give the story an air of authenticity.   He then changes narrators, building on the original air of authenticity to create a second authentic narrator.   By using the literary device of a first person point of view for both narrators, Twain is able to manipulate not only the actions that take place in the story, but he is also able to manipulate the reader’s understanding of, and his or her opinion of, the characters and events in the story. The narrator that an author chooses creates the perspective of the story.   The narrator is rarely synonymous with the author; however, it is not an unheard of occurrence for the two to be identical.   Twain is briefly the narrator of this story, given that he manipulates the readers’ perspective by declaring this story to be a true one and not â€Å"a fancy sketch† (Twain page). He increases this authenticity by signing his initials to the statement, thereby injecting himself into the action of the story.   Because this practice is not a common one in fictional stories, although it was more common at the time that this story was written than it is now, Twain’s â€Å"appearance† in his own fictional work gives it a suggestion of being a work of nonfiction. The first person narrator that Twain chooses to tell the majority of the story is ostensibly a unnamed clergyman, formerly a â€Å"cornet† (second lieutenant) in the British army under a lieutenant-general the first narrator gives the pseudonym â€Å"Scoresby.†Ã‚   Simply by setting the fiction of the need for a pseudonym for the lieutenant general, Twain has created the suggestion of literal truth for the story about to follow.   The second narrator, however, is an unreliable one. By stating that Scoresby’s success comes solely from luck, it is clearly apparent that the clergyman’s opinion would differ from that of the lieutenant general.   There is some question as to why these opinions would differ, at least from the clergyman’s perspective.   While it should come as no surprise that Scoresby would certainly prefer to characterize his success as deriving from skill, the clergyman could have one of three reasons for having a different opinion.   All of these reasons extend from his knowledge of how Scoresby came to be a member of the military.   First, it is possible that Scoresby is truly an inept, but lucky, man. The reader is left to reason for him or herself whether Scoresby could possibly be that fortunate.   Twain relies on the knowledge that many people have had surprising luck in their lives, or know of people who have had such luck.   By failing to mention names of actual battles and by failing to provide the â€Å"real† name of the lieutenant general in question, the series of events might seem plausible. Second, clergyman might be operating from a feeling of guilt that he allowed Scoresby to cheat his way into the military without speaking up about his role in that cheat.   His guilty feelings might color his perspective on Scoresby’s actual successes.   After all, having gotten into a military school, it seems logical that Scoresby might have learned some practical knowledge and skills no matter how he came to be enrolled. The narrator appears to be unwilling to acknowledge this fact, however.   Finally, the clergyman might be operating from the desire to have his name attached to that of a successful man.   By crediting himself for getting Scoresby into the school while at the same time denigrating the lieutenant general’s own skills and knowledge, the clergyman makes himself more important in his own military role–at least in his own eyes. Twain uses the role of the narrator as a literary device for controlling the reader’s perspective of the subject of the story.   By injecting a first person narrator into the action of the story, Twain creates a situation whereby the reader’s perception is easily manipulated.   Ultimately, however, the reader is left to decide on the authenticity of the story, due to the unreliability of the narrator.   Ã‚  In the end, the reader must decide on the actual role of both the narrator and of the possible role of luck over the course of Lieutenant-General Scoresby’s career. Work Cited Twain, Mark.   â€Å"Luck.†   Publication.   City: Publishing House, date.

Psychoanalytic Criticism of A Rose for Emily

Psychoanalytic Criticism of A Rose for Emily A Rose for Emily is a sad story about a woman who struggles with being unable to cope with the death of her father and being a lonely woman. It is broken into 5 sections in which in each part the narrator shifts the point of view. In section 1 the story starts off at Miss Emily’s funeral. The funeral is taking place at her home and many people come to pay their respects and also are curious to see the inside of the house. No one had seen the inside of the house besides the manservant for 10 years.Throughout the story we see the struggles a woman has with loneliness, depression and even necrophilia. Miss Emily’s character has many mental problems. Her biggest problem that we see her struggles with is denial. Several times through out the story she struggles with the denial of big issues. Sometimes it’s the death of a person or other times it was denying the fact that she owed taxes. Another struggle that she deals with is the fear of abandonment, which that seems to be what brought on her denial.Growing up her father was very controlling and when her father passes I think she has trouble dealing with not having a controlling figure in her life. That is what brought on the denial of her father’s death. That denial also plays a role in her necrophilia problem later in the story. The first of Miss Emily’s problem is denial. In a couple of cases we see that her denial is a big problem for her. We first see her denial take place when she takes place when the narrator talks about how she avoided paying taxes.This seems minor at this point because the town had told her that she owed no taxes, and in fact that the city owed her money from her fathers loan to the town. The loan was false but when her father passed she was left with only a house. Since she was thought of by the town as â€Å" a tradition, a duty and a care† (pg. 148). the town decided to help her out. They didn’t think she would take charity money so they made up the lie. When the younger people started taking over the town they sent her a letter to pay her taxes. She insisted that she owed nothing to the town. The leaders of the town sent a couple of letters to her but got no return.Back and forth it went until they decided to go to her house and collect the money. After a brief discussion she forced them out of her home with out paying and telling them to talk to Colonel Sartoris because she has no taxes in Jefferson. Colonel Sartoris had died by this point but she was unaware because she wouldn’t leave her home. We see her deal with denial when the death of her father comes. The day after he died a group of ladies went up to the house to â€Å"offer condolences and aid† (pg. 151) and Miss Emily â€Å"met them at the door, dressed as usual and with no trace of grief on her face. † (pg. 51) She denied that her father was dead. For 3 days people went to her house trying to get her to let them dispose of the body. And right as they were about to use law and force she allowed them to take the body and burry him. This is when we first signs that she was gong crazy. However, the narrator does say that they didn’t think she was crazy at this point but â€Å"she had to do that. † (pg. 151) The third denial she faces is when she murdered Homer Barron. Her and Homer were seen together on several occasions out in town. Many people thought they would marry but then Homer was last seen entering her home.The people of Jefferson thought he had left town after that since he was never seen again. At the end we learn that she had killed him. His body was lying in an upstairs room. The room was set up almost like that of a room for a bridal. Although filled with dust, the narrator describes a room that at one time was decorated. Homer’s body was decayed and only the bones were left. There was evidence that she would lay beside him at night. Sh e killed him because she was fearful of abandonment. In a way I think she thought she would always have him by killing him then leaving his body up stairs so she could lay with him until she died.We can look at how she treated death of her father and Homer as denial but it can also be looked at, as she feared abandonment as well. Growing up her father was very strict with her. She wasn’t allowed to date any man. Her father was extremely controlling over almost every part of her life. So when her father passed she didn’t want to admit it to herself because he was all she had as for as close family goes. I think she needed that controlling figure in her life. It’s obvious that she liked Homer and maybe she was scared he would leave her so she killed him. By doing that she would have him forever.Her love for Homer may have come due to the fact that she was like her dad. Even though her dad was controlling of her she had loved him dearly. She was longing for that co ntrolling figure and that is why she fell for Homer. The narrator describes him as a â€Å"mans man†. (pg 152) His controlling tendencies were clear when he was seen cussing at the people he was over at work. Through out this story we see Miss Emily struggle with the inner demons of denial and fear of abandonment. I think Faulkner does a great job by showing how there is a mental affect of someone growing up in a controlling environment.

Paradigm Analysis: Animal Lover (And Animal Rights) Essay

The word paradigm originates from the Greek word paradeigma, which simply means an example serving as a pattern or model. Paradigm reflects some concepts, values, or some ways of doing something commonly or habitually. It is also a way of viewing (Webster’s 1998) reality for the community. Human species is endowed with emotions that make it easier for him to express bonding with some non-human kind. This binding seems to be spontaneous or natural. Children display this act more deeply than many intellectually and emotionally mature people do. These people are called animal lovers. In the absence of human affection, animal lovers show more love for their animals or pets. Their love for animals intensifies due to some ethical paradigm they uphold or embrace in connection with their respect for natural creations like nature and environment. Alternatively, one’s love for animal obligates him to become a vegetarian. This attitude is more than rewarding as many pets or animals return a great deal of affection to them. Due to this love for animals, either domestic or wild, some political, social, or scientific movements have sprung up. Animal lovers, breaking new grounds as advocates, want to protect the natural resources of both plants and animals including their habitats. The task seems to be gigantic as it covers a wider expanse of the earth, namely, water, soil, forestry, fisheries, wilderness, to name just a few spots. The aim of nature conservation movement, however, is expressly for continued sustainability for human use. Child-like fetish This love for animal exists because of the existence of a child-like faith among animal lovers. â€Å"Animals never commit sins,† and â€Å"All animals are bound to heaven† are just a few child-like beliefs that exist among adults. Such beliefs and the likes, though seemingly simple move people towards living compassionately. Therefore, just as my 10-year old daughter puts it, â€Å"Animals are never sinners, so they are freed from sins already. † As an animal lover or human being, we only â€Å"see† the attributes of animals through the interpretation of our mind, our understanding. Animal lovers say that their companion animals have intelligence, better skills, and even have better moral than most humans have. This is so because animals express strongly the attributes of love and loyalty. There is an organization (PAL 2008) that really brings people and animals together with the hope of brightening the lives of the sick, the lonely, and some at-risk youths. Other animal attributes like unselfishness, friendship, foresight, emotions, body language are likewise exhibited by animals especially the domesticated ones. Animal lovers even believe that animals have spirit since physical matter is immobile without the benefit of the unseen spirit. Human-animal interaction Undeniably, a special pattern of mutual interaction exists between human and animals, which is treated as special symbiosis. This human-animal interaction happens where animals are there: pet stores, circus, stables, and the likes. The assumption that creation is purely good has a contradiction that sometimes surfaces regarding animal roles in society. As society creates the images of having â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† animals, it polarizes animals accordingly into bad or good ranking. Bad animals have been associated with demons, freaks, worms, and the likes. The good ones, on the other hand, are sided with pets and instruments and sometimes patronized like children. With the role of animals in society as subordinate, one author of human-animal relationship has inferred some conclusions that license society to dehumanize some minor members including children, women, blacks, and the elderly among others. Not all animal lovers are vegetarians, which becomes an issue when it comes to the ethics of meat eating. An invisible, sometimes inviolable â€Å"rules† exist on which animal are ideal to eat and which are forbidden by society. In fact, eating animal flesh is surrounded by confusing inconsistencies affecting people individually or globally. Hypocrisy and flesh eating In reality, people have to eat meat while they keep saying that they are not willing to face the fact that their meats come from four-legged creatures that had to be killed to satisfy their appetite. This shows hypocrisy and expresses disregard to animals. In fact, nobody wants to see the slaughtered animals reduced in sizes before finally wrapped in food-grade plastic bound for grocery chains. As more and more consumer meats are produced, more and more animals suffer unduly, even dying before reaching the slaughterhouses. This is so because meat or egg animals are similarly treated as objects or commercial commodities that do not suffer. When someone is strongly attached to their pets like cats or dogs, it is disgusting to think that other people with different cultural backgrounds eat these sorts of animals they adore. Let alone touring cats-dogs-rats eateries in foreign countries. One’s reaction would be violent repulsion, even considering them as cannibals. Because dogs and cats are considered attractive or cute, people in general do not kill or eat them. Not only cats and dogs, people also want to spare other similarly cute or attractive animals such as rabbits, deer, and horses among others. Although rabbits are considered as pet, others raise them on farms as food. Horses in the stable, on the table And how about eating horses? Americans as well as people from various backgrounds become completely emotional if not confused or nervously excited when it comes to this subject. The fact that thousands of unwanted horses are channeled to slaughterhouses yearly as export meat alerts concerned Americans to stop the practice and make it illicit. Animal lovers have long noticed the inhumane treatment that horses undergo on way to or at the slaughterhouse. Moreover, this bothers Americans so much since horses have molded significantly the history as well as the paradigmatic culture of the United States. Besides, horses in the US are regarded as non-food and sports entity and therefore need some sorts of protection. One sensible reaction of people who love animal to the above-mentioned plight is for them to become vegetarians. On the other hand, they may seek alternative means by their own design without resorting to having vegan diet. The fact is that, just what I mentioned before, the multitude keep silent in every suffering of meat animals reared in compact farms since they are tasty and good for the appetite. The point that I am driving here is that we should not make mentally an artificial boundary regarding our choices on which animals should be spared and which ones should be eaten based only on shallow emotional confidence. Nevertheless, out of respect, we recognize that every one of us has varying food eating beliefs that one is powerless to change. Equal rights for animals? Many Americans think that animals should be protected; even some think that they should be given equal rights as humans. Two animal moral theorists, namely Peter Singer and Tom Regan defend the rights of animal with their formed concepts. Singer sets his defense basing on the concept of utilitarian moral model and on equality. Singer, however, is more concerned with the proper treatment of animals than assigning rights to them. As an advocate of animal rights, Singer forwarded some ethical rights recommendations that mark or fix the limits of legal protection of both man and animal. Basing animal rights on the so-called marginal factors cannot serve as the only basis for having rights. Given that the normal paradigmatic men possess the capabilities of, or have human-like reasoning and emotional features, humans falling out of this paradigm dubbed as marginal men lack these attributes. Such marginality includes babies, young children, and the senile among others. If the normal paradigmatic men are endowed with certain rights due to their being rational, it follows then that the marginal men mentioned above cannot have rights basing on the rationality factor. Since the marginal theory fails to establish rights for all humans including the marginal cases, Singer and Regan have introduced further new moral theories that include rights and protection for some animals. Changing old concepts With such limitation and incompleteness of Singer’s traditional theories as bases for animal rights, Regan, on the other hand, introduced a complementary concept called â€Å"inherent† or natural value as a basis of rights. This natural value is not of rationality or of some other forms of quality since it is not earned and therefore, it cannot be lost or gained. This value is equal to all says Regan, whether one is considered as holy or criminal. Inherent value would give the best position to give reasons for one’s belief like human slavery is despised and eating new born is not right. Consequently, Regan’s moral theory gives both the normal paradigmatic men and the marginal men the same natural or inherent value. This value extends to animals, which gives them rights. Regan’s inherent theory has been confronted when asked on how to determine who has this value. He says that organisms with inherent value are those that posses the condition of being a subject of life. This means one has the ability to act, has a memory, has foresight, has goals, etc. Even those that are not a subject of life could also have inherent value like the comatose. It is surprising, however, on the point that irrational thing as plants could have inherent value though not a subject of life. Regan’s concept is an incomplete one and I feel likely that it is invalid since it cannot blend with reality, which makes the theory inconsistent vis-a-vis the true meaning of value. In a society, rights are vital and necessary for orderly survival. Based on social meaning, an animal having rights and protection is not justified as some people think. In the legal context, however, a legal sanction could be given to individuals who maltreat their own animals. In the proper perspective, moral co-existence with animal and legal relationship must be properly defined and established, since the two concepts could give some confusing variances. In an assessment of public opinion, some 71% of sampled representatives believe that animals need some form of legal protection, About 25 % of them, on the other hand, expressed that animals should be given the same rights enjoyed by humans. The remaining 3% think otherwise (Klein 2004). The theory of rights that concerns animals, however, is with confusion torn between animal welfare and the ideal basis of rights. Paradigm shift and spirituality What needed perhaps is a paradigm shift towards spirituality. We should not only show mercy to our kind but also kindness to al living creature. Both man and animal exhibit physical sensibilities and instinct. Nevertheless, man forgets this and he becomes cruel to animals. Sensibility in animals is the same as sensibility in men. Personally, I have the opinion that cruelty to animals inflicts more pain than cruelty to man. Animals cannot speak, nor show their suffering, not even representing themselves to government authorities. Animals harmed many times cannot seek justice or retaliate. It is my pleasure that the Office of the National Institute of Health (NIH 2008) is against the use of nonhumans for biomedical research regardless of the resulting benefits to man. With this view, I feel that we should demonstrate a high degree of consideration and kindness towards these creatures, perhaps more than that of man. Thousands of them need good home and giving just one pet a chance is a kind act (Animal Lovers Assistance League 2008). Teaching our children from infancy to be exceedingly kind to animals is a good sign of having spiritual value. As man commits more sins, animals remain innocent, which reminds us that one must give more kindness to the innocent. An exception, however, exists. One should not show mercy or kindness to ferocious animals since giving a mad animal an opportunity is tantamount to the destruction of thousand humans and animals. Simply said, sympathy to the beast renders cruelty or injustice to peaceful, blessed animals. Works Cited Animal Lovers Assistance League. 2008.

Causes of world war

Source based World war one, a great European war, nations conflicted and divided, aligning themselves with their own allies. World war one war one was a war not born from profound causes but triggered by a continents own insolence, competition and whom a nation was allied with. Each of the European nations had their own goals and motives as to why they did what they did. Some fought to preserve the interests that best served their nation, some fought to retaliate and some fought to become the king of Europe.A country like France ho pushed and encouraged nationalism and militarism was viewed as a powerful nation but because of Its strong policies It was also recognized as a huge threat to other European nations. A war seemed to be beneficial to every nation. Everybody was fending for themselves, For France if a war did break out especially between Germany and Russia, France would be able to attain previously lost lands from Germany. Lace and Lorraine, and this would only be a great ou tcome for France. Germany was another rising nation at the time, her and Russia had conflicts and a war between them seemed inevitable.Russia was trying to recover from a revolution that had occurred less than a decade ago. They had a big army but their soldiers were not well trained and their military was not well equipped to take on a nation Like Germany. Russia posed a threat to Germany but seeing as how Russia was not ready for a war, at least not yet, this was Germany's opportunity to attack and eliminate Russia as a potential future threat. Germany only cared about herself, not other nations, not even Austria. (SOURCE B) Germany provoked a war between Austria and Serbia because Russia was going to Intervene and Germany loud have their chance.This was wishful thinking on the part of Germany. They did not want bloodshed or war, yet they provoked one because it served their nations best Interests. Another powerful nation was Britain, a country that was mostly neutral and wanted n o part in war. Britain had a huge naval base that controlled most of the ports at sea; this trading system was highly beneficial for Britain because it was how their economy held up. Their economy was stable and that can only mean good things, but with a rising nation like Germany, Britain's economy was at stake.Britain needed to stay at the top and Germany wanted to be at the top, there was only room for one, with this two powerful nations competing, a war was dawning, and so Britain allied with France to fight against Germany. Without Britain France would have lost miserably and Germany would have gained control over some of the ports threatening Britain's supremacy over the waters. Each country was doing what was best for their own. Russia was the other nation fighting to get a stronger foothold in Europe, and just like the there nations, her too was serving her own interests.The Russians choose to align with Serbia because they both had similar political views and were both Slav ic countries. This was a difficult time for Russia because of revolution that had occurred not so long ago. The Tsar was losing control and his influence over the Russian 1 OFF land in Europe and hope for that brings peace within Russia. World war one was not motivated by aggression but by mere agency of solidifying one's nation as part of the European continent instead of ending up as an annexed territory in one's nation.

Describe the effects of the Blitz on every day life in Britain

The Blitz cause many problems across the country, not only in the bombed areas. Rationing and evacuation affected the whole country. Rationing of food helped to improve the diet of some people, as poorer people could now afford to buy better food and their general health improved. Evacuation affected the whole country, as the evacuees families had to cope with the temporary loss of a family member, and also the families where they were evacuated to, had to cope with one or two extra members of the household – anyone4 with space in their house had to take in an evacuee. When air raid precautions such as blackouts were introduced at the outbreak of war, people took them very seriously as heavy fines were handed out if the rules were broken. Censorship was used to improve and build morale. This was done by censoring newspaper reports, photographs in newspapers and radio broadcasts. The role of women also changed greatly throughout the war – they took over men's jobs in factories, volunteered in organisations such as the WVS (Women's Voluntary Service). Rationing was implemented by the government to insure even distribution across the country and to show equal treatment of everyone. In the leaflet ‘Your Food in War Time', the government explains that â€Å"more than 20 million tonnes† of food â€Å"are brought into our ports from all parts of the world†. This says that the government were worried that the Nazis could starve the country, as it was a good way of attacking the country. It affected people as they were only allowed limited amounts of supplies such as food and kitchen utensils. There were ration books and everyone got their set amount of rations, some got more than others e. g. manual workers got more than office workers, and pregnant women got more than other normal women. Some people went to extremes to get more food, like buying extra food and ration books at extortionate prices from the black market. Children were given Cod Liver Oil and orange juice as supplements. Rationing began in 1940 during the Phoney War and gradually got more extreme when the Blitz came about. It got so bad that people were even encouraged to keep allotments and grow their own vegetables to share with others. This was named the ‘Dig For Victory' campaign and there was much speculation on this campaign. It proved to be fairly successful to the people that followed instructions. There was also a rationing on soap and clothes. This was because many clothes factories were converted into munitions and aircraft factories to help the war effort. The people were advised to ‘make do and mend', rather than buying new clothes, as the production of clothes was at a low. Coal was never officially rationed but it was in short supply and the government strictly controlled distribution. It was actually a second wave of rationing which caused these problems, the first one was very confusing for the British citizens and they didn't understand how it worked at first, but the second wave was even more confusing when the government introduced a ‘points scheme'. This point's scheme measured each persons food allowance per day in points and no one was permitted to have more food than the government allocated for them. Evacuation was also another key problem that the citizens of Britain had to do. It affected the whole of the nation including the evacuees and the places they were evacuated to. Some evacuees preferred the places they were sent to, to their homes. This was because they had been treated very poorly in their homes or if their families were poor, some of them had fleas and mites. On the other hand, some families were extremely cruel to their evacuees, as they did not want another child in their house. They were not expecting it and if any household had a spare room they were sent an evacuee, no questions asked. The amount of evacuees was astounding. In a space of 4 days at the beginning of September, there was roughly one and a half million evacuees, most of them being school children and mothers with babies. There were also disabled and blind people evacuated. Pregnant mothers and teachers were evacuated as well as they were considered valuable. Many quiet towns and villages in the country were swamped with ‘down and out' children from the city and the suburbs and their different attitudes on life. Many who weren't evacuated feared their lives would be lost, so began ‘trekking' out of the city at night to try and escape danger. The role of women changed dramatically during the war. They took on men's jobs and organised many events and organisations. They set up better efforts for the evacuation processes and created matches of evacuees and homes, so they would get on with each other. They also worked long, hard factory shifts and they did physical, manual labour, which was previously thought to be jobs that only men could do. The women made do with what they had and tried different ways of coping. One of their tasks was to make people take the rationing seriously and realise that all they had was all they were going to get and no one was an exception; everyone got exactly the same as the rest of the people in their league. The women decided that the answer to this would be to make food seem more interesting and appealing. The women in the home were strongly advised to follow recipes that were distributed by the government. They had to learn how to cook using a low supply of gas, this meant that meals would take hours to cook and so many women prepared them a day in advance. The rationalisation caused food to be in low supply as well so leftovers had to be heated up the next day and eaten for dinner. Many thought they were doing the jobs of men better than the men did. The women did not only do strenuous, tough jobs that they weren't used to in the daytime, they also were made to volunteer to take on more jobs in the night time, as well keeping their families together. Many precautions and everyday ways of life had to be changed. These were things like; street lights. They had to be completely switched off, so did car headlights. This was to protect people from the German bombers, like blackout curtains were also. People were made to get Anderson shelters and create the shelter in their own back gardens. If they did not comply there were stiff penalties. If they did not have their own garden, they were made to manage with the supposedly next best, which were Morrison shelters. These were arc-like shelters made of corrugated steal and supposed to stop flying debris. Obviously if a bomb landed directly on top of an Anderson or a Morrison shelter, there would be no chance of survival. The people had to bear these things in mind as well. Many became cynical about the shelters' effectiveness, but nevertheless got on with it. They were not very strong and provided little protection for people during the war, however, there was no other protection available. Air raid wardens were appointed and they gave the signal for everyone to make a mad dash for their air raid shelters. This was another thing that affected everyday life, as they had to stop absolutely everything they were doing at the time and get into their shelters as quickly as possible. There was a huge wave of fear each time the air raid sirens were sounded. People were strongly advised to stay off the streets to minimise the amount of casualties. Entertainment facilities were out of bounds and cinemas, theatres and concert halls were closed. This caused a horrendous effect on those that ran the entertainment places. They were not allowed to make money off of them so many became bankrupt. Many things, if not complied with, were considered an offence. If someone wasn't wearing a gas mask it was considered an offence. If you weren't carrying an identity card, it was seen to be criminal and a penalty would be brought against you. If you did not have an Anderson or Morrison shelter, or any of the black out equipment (like curtains), you could be charged. This affected peoples lives as they had to adapt to a new way of life and just the slightest thing they did wrong could cause themselves to be charged or even to cause casualties in their town. This is a prime example of showing how seriously the government dealt with people who didn't really care. The government censored a lot of the information and pictures in the media showing the real impact of German destruction. They wouldn't let information be broadcasted which they thought would lower the morale of the British public so they banned it. They also wouldn't let pictures of mass destruction or dead bodies be shown in the newspapers either. One example of censorship was a picture of a school playground in Catford, London destroyed, not allowed in the newspaper as it was said to have had children's bodies on it. This would lower the morale of the British, and so was not allowed in any branches of media. All films, news broadcasts, articles, pictures, etc. were checked thoroughly by the government before being allowed to go in the limelight. The reason censorship was so important was because the British people were eager to hear anything new in the war and if there was any sign of Britain losing the war, there would be a national panic and it would be complete havoc. For obvious reasons the government didn't want this to happen, so they shielded the public from disturbing information. For people to know that an area was completely destroyed or badly hit, they would have to be living in that area or have relatives that would tell them about it. There would be no other way of them finding out.

Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Aristotle - Essay Example One of the primary elements of a virtuous man is that he also be a courageous man. Despite the fact that Aristotle’s ideas lie at their foundations, much of Aristotle’s ideas are presented in relatively abstract terms, often difficult to understand and apply to everyday modern conceptions. However, studying Aristotle’s concepts of what constitutes a courageous man can provide a great deal of insight regarding what he intended when he discussed the more abstract concepts of virtue. Aristotle dedicates three full chapters to the discussion and investigation of what constitutes a courageous man in his book, Nicomachean Ethics, which begins to demonstrate on a more concrete level what he intended in his discussions of the virtuous man. Courage is a mean between fear and recklessness. All objects of fear are fearful things, and generally they are evil also, so fear is defined as the expectation of evil. It is right and proper to fear some evils, but wrong to fear those which are not within ones control as an agent. The truly courageous man is concerned only with the most terrible of evils—death—and in particular with death in the most noble of circumstances, war. The real test of courage is how a man behaves in the face of dangers that are to some extent within his control. Like all human beings, the courageous man fears what is fearful, but he endures his fear in the right way and for the right reason because his aim is to act with nobility. It is possible to fear things to a greater or lesser extent than is warranted or to fear what is not really fearful, and these are the forms taken by the vices surrounding courage. Common usage has no name for excessive lack of fear, but the man who is afraid of nothing is either a madman or totally immune to pain. Excessive confidence is called recklessness. Excessive fear is cowardice. Cowards, reckless men, and courageous men are all concerned with the same situation, but have different attitudes

Functionalistic Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Functionalistic Theory - Essay Example The basic principles of functionalist theory as applied in psychology reside in the concept that although every part of the organism functions independently, they are still linked together. Each has its own function to perform but all parts have the ultimate goal of determining ways to adapt to the environment to maintain equilibrium. Such function is the primary concern of functionalistic theory rather than the structures. In addition, human functioning and behaviors are understood through the conduction of research and other methods of study employing non human animals because of their relation to humans making them a suitable substitute for investigation of real life events. But since not all humans are the same, functionalists stressed that there are individual variations which laid further studies regarding individual differences. The works of the three theorists of functionalism, Thorndike, Dewey and James have contributed much to functionalism’s popularity and applicati on. Their work did not only advocate the recognition of functionalism as a school of thought but had influenced the American education. Along this line, their significant addition is compared and contrasted. The idea of James had changed how physics was thought from Newtonian operation to pragmatism.

Finances Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finances - Assignment Example This is where the knowledge of budgeting and finances come in as one needs to be able to figure out the needs of the hospital and prioritize them in order starting with what is needed the most going down and use this knowledge together with the budget they have been given to spend to determine the best way to utilize the money that has been handed to them What Has Been Your Exposure to Your Organization’s financial statements? Who In Your Organization Might Provide You with Your Organization’s Financial Statements? What Is This Information Used For? The amount of exposure to the organization’s financial statements has mostly occurred from the budgeting and shopping activities that are done for medical supplies when the time for replenishing the available stock arises. During this period, the hospital present us (the nurses) with the amount of money that they are able to provide for these activities and using the size of the budget, one is able to determine whether the hospital’s financial status has improved, remained the same or even dwindled since the last time such an activity took place (Paul, 2008). If a hospital has done well then the size of the budget is more likely to increase while no change in the budget may mean there is no change in their finances either and so on. There are a number of individuals that present the nurses with the financial statements of the organization who include the Program administrators and ward managers during budgeting and the chief financers when a review of the annual expend iture takes place. These statements are used to show the gains and losses that have been incurred during the year as well as budget for the next batch of medical supplies that are needed. The accounting system affects the different parts of the organization as a whole as it deals with the organization’s entire financial flow. Firstly, it will affect the speed with which

The Major Difference Between Fittings and Fixture in Land Law Coursework - 3

The Major Difference Between Fittings and Fixture in Land Law - Coursework Example These tests highlight not only the importance of distinguishing between fixtures and fittings but the major differences between the two. Although the distinctions are not always clear, a common trend can be identified: the significance of the item in terms whether or not it has become so attached to the land, that it should not be regarded as anything other than a part of the land. This paper examines the major differences between fixtures and fittings by reference to case law. The early case of Holland v Hodgson is a good place to start as it established two test for distinguishing between fixtures and fittings. In this case, the question was whether or not looms that had been installed at a factory could be regarded as part and parcel of the factory. Blackburn J stated that in order to determine whether or not an item was a fixture or a fitting it was necessary to consider the extent of the annexation and its purpose. In this regard, an item that was annexed to the land by virtue o f its own weight would not be considered a fixture unless there was an intention that the item would form part and parcel of the land.5 What can be gleaned from this ruling is that it is first necessary to look at the item and to determine whether or not it is actually fixed to the property and not merely supported by its own weight. If it is fixed, it is a fixture and will likely be considered part and parcel of the land. However, if the item is merely supported by its own weight, then the question will remain whether or not the item was intended to be a part of the land. Buckland J offered some guidance by referencing the case of a stone wall. For instance, if stones were merely plied upon the land there is an assumption that those stones were not intended to form a part of the land.